Description: Until the end of the 16th century, the artillery technology introduced into China in the late Ming Dynasty could still keep pace with the West. However, when the Qing regime stabilized the whole country in the 22nd year of Kangxi (1683), the official attention to artillery decreased because of the disappearance of military threats. In the 54th year of the reign of Emperor Kangxi (1715), Jin Guozheng, the commander of Shanxi, expressed his willingness to donate 22 new types of mother-and-son cannons and send them to various battalions for training. As a result, the emperor forbade local officials to develop new cannons on their own. During the reign of Emperor Yongzheng, the Qing court also sent all the cannons from the provinces other than Shengjing, Jilin and Heilongjiang to Beijing. The inheritance of firearms knowledge and technology is broken in many ways. In the fourth year of the reign of Emperor Jiaqing (1799), the imperial court transformed 160 "Shenshu cannons" of the Ming Dynasty and renamed them "Victory cannons". After trial firing, it was found that their range was not as good as that of the old cannons. During the Opium War, the British army used a spherical hollow explosive bomb called "Shrapnel Shell", which was filled with small bullets and gunpowder, and the fuse detonated the gunpowder before the shell fell to the ground, which scattered the small bullets hidden inside, with great lethality, while the Chinese army, which still used solid round bullets at that time, was shocked by this. Don't know how to make it. Later, although Lin Zexu succeeded in imitating shrapnel, few people knew that the "Weiyuan General Cannon" cast as early as the 29th year of Kangxi (1690) was equipped with similar conceptual shells, but unfortunately it, together with the matching "Weiyuan General Cannon", had been dust-laden in the Arsenal. By the turn of the Taoist and the Xianfeng Dynasties,Stainless Steel Shower Tray, the Chinese army was not even up to the standard of the late Ming Dynasty. No wonder it had no defense when faced with the challenge of strong ships and cannons from the Western powers! On the Battle of the Qing Army's Entry into the Shanhaiguan Pass On the Battle of the Qing Army's Entry into the Shanhaiguan Pass Wang Shuangzhou Battle of the Great Wall and Ningyuan In 1644, three different political forces were active on the stage of Chinese history: the declining Ming Dynasty, the peasant army of Li Zicheng who captured Beijing, and the rising Qing Dynasty outside the Shanhaiguan Pass. For this period of history, the focus of discussion today is mostly Wu Sangui Xiancheng, because at the end of the Ming Dynasty, the only thing that could resist the Eight Banners of the Qing Dynasty was the Great Wall. From Shanhaiguan Pass in the east to Jiayuguan Pass in the west, the Great Wall is 6300 kilometers long, consisting of continuous walls,Concealed Flush Valve, passes, beacon towers and various obstacles. After thousands of years of beacon fire, the Great Wall has achieved remarkable results in defending the northern cavalry harassment. The Ming Dynasty built the Great Wall on a large scale. During the 270 years when the Ming Dynasty ruled the Central Plains, the construction of the Great Wall never stopped. The Great Wall defense line has developed quite well in terms of defensive basis and tactics. From the structural point of view, the building materials and construction technology of the Ming Great Wall have been greatly improved, and the walls are made of bricks, stones, bricks and stones, and rammed earth. In the construction of the city, the Ming Great Wall paid more attention to relying on the terrain, and the builders made full use of natural obstacles such as mountain and water barriers. The height and thickness of the wall varied with the mountain terrain. The defensive works of the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty were also greatly strengthened compared with the previous Dynasties. On the top of the city wall, there is a wall inside and a battlement outside. There are hope holes and shooting holes on the battlement, which are convenient for the soldiers guarding the city to defend and fight. In order to strengthen the garrison, the Ming Great Wall built many walls in key areas, and in some places there were as many as 28 stone walls, large and small. In addition, there are auxiliary defense facilities such as gable walls, Stainless Steel Hand wash Basin ,stainless steel toilet, mountain walls, wooden walls and side trenches. Hundreds of Xiongguan passes and tens of thousands of piers form the Great Wall of the Ming Dynasty into an organic whole, which is more solid and perfect than the Great Wall of any previous Dynasty. In order to strengthen the defense of the north of the capital city, the Ming Great Wall increased the depth of defense in this area, using multiple walls and deep defense, from outside to inside, respectively, the Outer Great Wall, the Inner Great Wall and the Inner Three Great Walls, covering layer by layer and overlapping defense. It was almost impossible for the Eight Banners cavalry, armed with bows and arrows and broadswords, to break through such a solid Great Wall defense line. In fact, the Ming and Qing Dynasties in the war outside the Shanhaiguan Pass, had carried out the battle of the city, the most typical is the battle of Ningyuan. Ningyuan (now Xingcheng, Liaoning) was the last fortress of the Ming Dynasty outside the Shanhaiguan Pass. At that time, many Ming generals advocated shrinking the defense line and guarding Shanhaiguan Pass, but yuan Chonghuan, a famous anti-Qing general, proposed that "keeping inside the pass must keep outside the pass, and keeping outside the pass must keep Ningyuan". yuan Chonghuan overhauled the city wall of Ningyuan in order to resist the Qing army (then known as the Later Jin). The battle soon after confirmed the wisdom of yuan Chonghuan's move. On the 14th day of the first lunar month of the sixth year of Tianqi (1626), Qing Taizu Nurhachi took advantage of the withdrawal of the Ming army in Liaodong to lead 60,000 elite Eight Banners out of Shenyang to Ningyuan City. Nurhachi, who carried the remaining prestige of the Liaoshen War, did not take Ning yuan seriously and immediately attacked the city. After the Jin army pushed the cart as the leader, the cavalry swarmed to attack the city. At the gate, the archers fired thousands of arrows, and for a time, "the city's arrowheads were like rain, and the hanging cards were like thorns.". Under such a fierce offensive, the city of Ningyuan was at stake for a time, but it was not breached because the city was strong and the weapons for guarding the city were well equipped. Tens of thousands of troops of the Eight Banners, who were skilled in riding and shooting, were unable to perform. Instead, they were bombarded by the Western cannons of the Ming army and suffered heavy casualties. Nurhachi was also wounded by the cannons and died of gangrene half a year later. How many ways are there to enter the Shanhaiguan Pass? If Wu Sangui did not offer Shanhaiguan, would the Qing army never be able to set foot on the land of the Central Plains? In fact, the entry from Shanhaiguan was the nearest attack route of the Qing army, but it was not the only one. In fact, before the battle of Shanhaiguan in 1644, the Qing army had entered the mainland five times through the route west of Shanhaiguan to attack the Ming Dynasty. For the first time, in 1629, Huang Taiji led a large army on a personal expedition, marched through Jehol, broke through Da'ankou and Longjingguan of the Great Wall, entered the interior, occupied Zunhua, captured Jizhou, and besieged Beijing. The greatest achievement of entering the Shanhaiguan Pass this time was Huang Taiji's successful use of counterplot, which made Chongzhen kill the famous general yuan Chonghuan and cut off the biggest enemy for the Qing army. The second time was in 1632, when Huang Taiji led the Qing army to March from the Mongolian grasslands to the north of Zhangjiakou, where they "lined up forty Li" to show off their military power, forcing the Ming Shoujiang to sign a treaty and make peace, and then withdrew. The third time was in 1636, when Huang Taiji ordered Azig to command a large army to break through the Juyongguan into the Great Wall and attack Hebei. He fought the Ming army 56 times,Self-closing Faucet, captured 12 cities, captured hundreds of thousands of people and animals, and then returned to the north of the Great Wall through Lengkou Pass. cnkexin.com
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